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Ancient Web: Native Languages Preserved Original Tribal Names Beyond English Labels

A familiar tribal name is not always the name a people historically used for themselves. Native Languages of the Americas built a simple reference page around that distinction, and the page has proved useful enough to keep turning up in academic and legal citations years later.

Visit the Original Tribal Names reference

The purpose is straightforward: compare commonly used English-language names for Native North American peoples with Indigenous self-names, alternate forms, and meanings. Some familiar names are exonyms—labels applied by outsiders—while others are altered spellings or colonial renderings. The page tries to preserve the distinction instead of flattening everything into one standardized English term.

That sounds simple until you start using the material. Names can reflect language, geography, political organization, or identity. A people may have one name for themselves and another historically used by neighbors, colonists, missionaries, mapmakers, or government agencies. Some names were recorded through French or English spelling conventions that changed the sound again.

The page has been cited well beyond hobbyist genealogy. Academic work on intercultural communication has referenced it. A Harvard Law Review article discussing Indigenous identity and place names cited the resource when explaining how names can encode relationships to landscapes. Other educational and historical projects use the page as a starting point for comparing Indigenous names with English and French exonyms.

That does not make the page the final authority on every nation or spelling. Indigenous naming is a field where community preference matters, terminology changes, and local or tribal sources should take priority where available. The site’s value is as an accessible index that points readers toward distinctions they might otherwise miss entirely.

It is also a good example of how modest reference pages can become infrastructure. There is no elaborate interface. The usefulness comes from collecting scattered terminology in one place and giving each entry enough context to make further research possible.

For webmasters, this is a strong old-Web lesson: a page can remain useful for decades if it answers a precise question clearly enough that researchers continue linking to it.

CacheRat’s Ancient Web research list includes many such pages—small resources whose influence is easier to measure through citations than through flashy traffic numbers.

The Web is full of simplified labels. Pages like this preserve some of what those labels leave out.

Explore the Original Tribal Names page

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Ancient Web: NativeWeb Preserved Black Crow’s Wolf Drawings

A plain page on NativeWeb holds four wolf drawings: Pups, Wolf Spirit, Howling Wolf, and Winter Wolves. That would already be enough to make it worth preserving. The story attached to the artist makes the page considerably more important.

Visit Black Crow’s NativeWeb pages

The surviving wolf gallery identifies the artist as Chris Black Crow Bousquet and says the page was constructed for him by Peter d’Errico. The images are credited to Bousquet with a 1995 copyright date later updated to 2021.

D’Errico’s later writing provides the historical context. Black Crow was one of the named plaintiffs in Trapp et al. v. DuBois et al., litigation involving Native American religious practice inside Massachusetts prisons. D’Errico says he visited a Native spiritual circle in prison during the winter of 1994 and, with attorney Bob Doyle, filed the case in April 1995.

The dispute concerned more than abstract theology. Native inmates described ceremonial and religious items being confiscated and restrictions on participation in their spiritual circle. The litigation became part of a longer fight over access to Native religious practice inside the prison system.

A tiny art page with a much larger context

The wolf page itself is wonderfully simple. It is basically filenames, image sizes, links, attribution, and a route back to Black Crow’s welcome page. There is no content-management system trying to turn four drawings into forty-seven components and a newsletter popup.

That simplicity helped the material survive.

Bousquet’s artwork also escaped the boundary of the website. A later educational manual on Native American learners thanks Chris Black Crow Bousquet for permission to use two of his drawings, showing that the art circulated beyond the original personal pages.

D’Errico wrote in 2023 that Black Crow was eventually granted parole in 2021. That retrospective writing makes the old NativeWeb material easier to understand, but the older web page remains valuable precisely because it is closer to the period when the artwork and litigation were current.

This is the sort of page that demonstrates why personal and advocacy websites matter to historians. Major institutions preserve court opinions and formal documents. Small websites often preserve the human material around them: drawings, names, commentary, relationships, and artifacts that otherwise disappear between the legal citations.

CacheRat’s 1,967 Ancient Web Domains research list contains plenty of old pages that look modest until you follow their context. This one is a particularly strong example.

The wolves are still there. So is the name of the person who drew them. On the old Web, sometimes that is the archive.

Return to Black Crow’s original NativeWeb directory